The dialogues of Plato in five volumes, Vol. 2 (of 5) — A Closer Reading

Abrupt Beginnings and the Search for Definitions

The volume's dialogues share a structural pattern: they start in medias res with a question or challenge. Meno opens with 'whether virtue can be taught'; Euthyphro begins with Socrates encountering Euthyphro at the court; the Apology starts with Socrates addressing his accusers. This abruptness forces the reader into the midst of a living debate. Socrates consistently responds by demanding a definition of the key term—virtue, piety, justice—before any further discussion can proceed. In Meno, when Meno offers an enumeration of virtues, Socrates insists on a single common notion. This method of definition by division and collection is a recurring structural device, often leading to aporia or a shift in the argument's direction.

Recurring Images: Healing, Punishment, and the Soul

Throughout the volume, Plato employs a cluster of images drawn from medicine and punishment. In Gorgias, Socrates compares justice to a healing art: as medicine cures the body, punishment cures the soul of injustice. He argues that the unpunished criminal is more miserable than the punished one, because the soul remains diseased. This analogy appears earlier in Phaedo, where Socrates speaks of philosophy as a practice of death, a purification of the soul from the body. The image of the soul as something that can be harmed or improved recurs in Meno when Socrates discusses whether virtue is teachable. Jowett's marginal notes highlight these connections, drawing attention to the ethical framework that links physical health to moral well-being.

Movement Between Scenes: From Street to Prison

The volume's dialogues are set in varied locations, each influencing the tone and stakes. Euthyphro takes place at the porch of the king-archon, a public legal space; the Apology is set in a courtroom; Crito occurs in Socrates' prison cell; Phaedo is narrated from the prison on the day of Socrates' death. This movement from public to private, from argument to impending execution, creates a dramatic arc across the volume. In Gorgias, the setting shifts to a private house, where Socrates confronts Polus and Callicles. The change of scene often marks a change in argumentative style: in the Apology, Socrates speaks directly to a large audience; in Crito, he engages in a quiet, intimate dialogue. Jowett's introductions and analyses help the reader track these shifts.

Jowett's Apparatus: Marginal Analyses and Sidenotes

This edition is distinguished by its extensive scholarly apparatus. Jowett provides an introduction and analysis for each dialogue, summarizing the argument step by step. The marginal analyses, originally printed alongside the text, have been preserved as sidenotes in this digital edition. They offer a running commentary, often condensing a page of argument into a single phrase, such as 'Socrates reminds Meno that this is only an enumeration of the virtues.' These notes serve as a guide for readers navigating the dense dialectic. The transcriber's note explains that the sidenotes in italics with a blue background are original page headers, while the non-italic ones are the marginal analyses. This dual system allows the reader to distinguish between structural markers and interpretive summaries.

Readers approaching this volume will benefit from paying attention to the interplay between Jowett's marginal analyses and the dialogue text itself. The analyses often clarify the logical steps, but they also reflect Jowett's own interpretive choices. The volume's structure—moving from definitional puzzles to dramatic confrontations—rewards careful attention to how each dialogue builds on the previous one. Whether read sequentially or individually, these translations offer a window into Plato's methods of inquiry and Jowett's Victorian scholarly perspective.